THIRD ANNUAL BALFOUR LECTURE
               
                    This year’s Balfour Lecture in Surgical Ethics celebrated
                    the outstanding career of Dr. Martin McKneally. Martin
                    has been a contributor to surgery and surgical ethics
                    for several decades both locally and worldwide. In the
                    engaging style of a master storyteller Martin addressed
                    several themes that are unique to surgery: the definition
                    of surgical ethics, surgical innovation, rethinking surgical
                    consent and learning surgical ethics. 
                    
                     
                   
                        Martin McKneally is celebrated at Balfour Lecture
L-R: Ryan Snelgrove, Karan Devon, Martin McKneally, Mark Camp, Tieghan
Killackey and Annie Fecteau   
                    	
                He suggested that the surgical ethics is founded on
                    “trustworthiness” which is defined by both competence
                    and commitment. Both of these have a number of components
                    but strikingly, “the immediacy of the surgeonpatient
                    relationship distinguishes it from other caregiving
                    experience”. This trust leads one to question when
                    it is okay to try something new, and as Martin adds “on
                    someone’s mother”. He discussed his journey through
                    this and other questions leading to some of his landmark
                    work on innovation. This work has provided guidance
                    on the appropriate oversight for innovations and has
                    been implemented very practically in our system, demonstrating
                    the way in which one can begin with thinking
                    about ethics and end in practical patient-centered solutions.
                    He also helped us to understand the sometimes
                    blurry boundary between research and innovation. Trust
                    also leads us to reconsider consent, not as a list of ‘risks,
                    benefits and alternatives’ but as a tool to garner the trust
                    of surgical patients. He enlightened us on some work
                    regarding high-risk surgery, and the patient’s perspective
                    of what is important to them. This was linked to some
                    of the problems encountered by clinicians who would
                    like to discuss the challenging issue of life-sustaining
                    treatment after surgery. He continued by raising the
                    questions and challenging age-old assumptions about
                    who should be having certain types of conversations and
                    in what context. 
               
                
                       
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               Finally, he highlighted the increasing importance of
                    a focus on ethics training as an integral part of surgical
                    training and paid tribute to old and new colleague and
                    mentors, and of course his “managing partner Deborah
                    McKneally and beloved family. We were delighted to
                    have Martin be the third Balfour lecturer. He, as he
                    always does, has raised the bar. 
                Karen Devon, Assistant Professor 
					Division of General Surgery, University of Toronto 
                  
                  
               
 
  				
                        
                           
                        
                        THE STORY OF SURGICAL ETHICS
                
                 		
                        
                            
                                 
                                    Donald Church Balfour 
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               		 Donald Church Balfour,
                    1882 – 1963, received his
                    MD from the University
                    of Toronto, interned at
                    Hamilton City Hospital,
                    and studied surgery at the
                    Mayo Clinic. His father
                    was president of the
                    Balfour Tool Company.
                    Donald devised and introduced
                    numerous instruments – an operating table,
                    operating room mirror for teaching, an abdominal
                    retractor. He married Carrie, Will Mayo’s daughter,
                    and spent his distinguished career at the Mayo
                    Clinic. He became Chief of General Surgery and
                    President of the Mayo Foundation for Education
                    and Research. He received many honors and
                    awards as a surgical educator and scholar. His family
                    endowed the annual Balfour Lecture that celebrates
                    his memory and brings distinguished scholars
                    in Surgical Ethics to teach in our Department. 
                    
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